Introduction to Phylogeography

Phylogeography is a scientific discipline that merges principles of phylogenetics and population genetics to understand the geographic distribution of genetic lineages across spatial and temporal scales. It explores how historical events like glaciations, river formations, and mountain uplifts, combined with ecological factors, have shaped the genetic structure and distribution of species. By tracing the geographical and historical patterns of genetic variation, researchers can infer past demographic events such as population expansions, contractions, and migrations. These inferences rely on analyzing genetic markers, such as mitochondrial DNA or microsatellites, to reveal the evolutionary history of populations. For instance, in studying a species spread across different geographical regions, phylogeography helps identify distinct genetic lineages that may correspond to historical barriers or periods of isolation. This information enhances our understanding of evolutionary processes by linking genetic data with past climatic and geological changes, ultimately providing insight into biodiversity patterns and guiding conservation efforts.